Задания по дисциплине "Практический курс английского языка" для ПЕРВОГО и ВТОРОГО курсов на 04.05.2020

03-05-2020 Задания

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`ЗАНЯТИЕ 04.05.2020, ПЕРВЫЙ КУРС`

History of Australia in a Nutshell - Video (YouTube)

The Animated History of Australia - Video

AUSTRALIA. PAST AND PRESENT

Australia is a diverse and fascinating country, with an Aboriginal population dating back many thousands of years. Aboriginal Australians have lived in the nation for at least 50,000 years. This means they have the oldest living cultural history in the world. When the British arrived in 1788, as many as 250 different languages were spoken across the nation. The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies has produced a map detailing the languages used across Australia. Prior to the arrival of the British, there were between 300,000 and one million Aboriginal people living in Australia.

The Dutch first sighted Australia in 1606, but assumed it to be just an ordianry large island. Later, Captain Cook actually claimed the land for Great Britain in 1770. The First Fleet of 11 boats arrived at Botany Bay in 1788 to establish New South Wales as a penal colony (receiving convicts until 1848). Over 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia from Great Britain, the majority to New South Wales and Tasmania.

The discovery of gold in Australia (in Bathurst first, then Ballarat in 1851) kickstarted the economy and created the idea of Australia as a desirable location. The year 1854 saw the rebellion against taxation that some see as a crucial event in the evolution of Australia’s democracy. This is also the first period of Chinese immigration, with 50,000 Chinese arriving and the establishment of many settlements.

The Commonwealth of Australia was created in 1901 in the form of a Federation. It was agreed that the capital could be in New South Wales, but no closer than 100 kilometres from Sydney. This led to the creation of Canberra, with a temporary parliament set up in Melbourne for 27 years. In a few decates Australia saw an influx of migrants from nearby countries. The Snowy Mountains Scheme (1949 – 1974) employed 100,000 people, with 70% being migrants from 30 different nations. Steady Asian migration began in the 1970s, and now people from all over the world call Australia home. This is reflected in many aspects of Australian life, with Australian society known for its equality and lack of clear class distinctions.

The country is world famous for its natural wonders and wide open spaces, its beaches, deserts, "the bush", and "the Outback". It is one of the world's most highly urbanized countries; it is well known for the attractions of its large cities such as Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, and Perth.

Australia is the sixth largest country by land area. It is bordered to the west by the Indian Ocean, and to the east by the South Pacific Ocean. The Tasman Sea lies to the southeast, separating it from New Zealand, while the Coral Sea lies to the northeast.

Australia has an area of 7,682,300km² and the distances between cities and towns are easy to underestimate.

Australian flora and fauna is unique to the island, the result of having been isolated from the rest of the world for millions of years. Amongst Australian animals are a large group of marsupials (mammals with a pouch) and monotremes (mammals that lay eggs). Just some of the animal icons of Australia are the kangaroo (national symbol) and the koala. A visit to Australia would not be complete without taking the chance to see some of these animals in their natural environment.

QUESTIONS:
Were aboriginals of Australia a multilingual set of tribes?
Who were the first European settlers in Australia? What precious resources did they discover?
Name the capital of Australia.
Which countries have land border with Australia?
Australia is famous for its kangaroos, which became the national symbol of the country. How can we characterize the animal?

Tenses in the Active Voice (Future Perfect Continuous Revision)

Complete the following Future Perfect Continuous Online Exercises Set:

1. Future Perfect Continuous B2 Grammar (explanations for each task provided below the question if needed)
2. Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous Verb Tense Ex.1
3. Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous Verb Tense Ex.2
4. Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous Verb Tense Ex.3
5. Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous Verb Tense Ex.4

One Language, Three Accents - British, American and Australian English - Video

THE SPECIFICS OF AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH

Language is born of culture and in turn reflects the history of a culture. Australian English is different from British and American English. At times, this can make it almost impossible to understand for speakers accustomed to formality. It reflects Australia's identity conflicts born out of its specific history. The most basic major features of Australian English were established by the 1830s. In the period between colonial settlement (1788) and the 1830s, when the foundation accent was being forged, new lexical items to describe the new environment, especially its flora and fauna, were developed from Aboriginal languages. Many more vocabulary items were later added in response to the nineteenth-century process of settlement and expansion.

Later, in the 20th century, a social separation of the accent occurred. This 20th-century division of Australian English is largely absent from the accents of today’s young people, suggesting that linguistic change runs parallel with social change. Modern Australian English is the standard language spoken in Australia. It is the language used by people who are born and raised in this country and also by those who immigrate during childhood or early adolescence. In addition to English, over 200 languages are spoken in Australia and more than 50,000 people speak an Australian indigenous (modern "evolved" versions of Aboriginal dialects) language. In Australia, it is very common to hear words like “arvo” being used instead of “afternoon”. Known as diminutives, they are formed by taking the first part of a word and substituting an [a],[o], [ie], or [y] sound for the rest. In all, about 5,000 diminutives have been identified in Australian English.

Another significant variable in all variations of English language is pronunciation – British, American and Australian English all have their specific features. The Australian accent is for the most part non-rhotic. This means that the pronunciation of the [r] sound will never occur at the end of words. Where an American will say three separate sounds for the word car [kar], an Australian native speaker will only say 2 [ka:]. This is a key feature that only occasionally has exceptions.

When an Australian native speaker pronounces words that often contain a “consonant letter + u” (for example words like “music, Tuesday, tune, intuition”) they will insert a very distinctive [j] phoneme. This refers to the phonetic sound [j] which can be heard at the start of words like “yes, yellow, you”. Australians will insert the [j] in many contexts where speakers of other English accents won’t use it.

In regards to spelling and grammar, Australia uses a mix of American and British spelt words. As a general rule, words less than five letters tend to be spelt in the British style while those over five letters are more likely to be American. American spelling for words like “organization” is more common than British “organisation”. In Britain, collective nouns are usually defined as plural. In Australia, both British and American tradition have become standard as a result of American television and American computer grammar checks mixing with traditional British instruction.

During its development, attitudes towards Australian speech changed multiple times, and in that controversial process, under the influence of British mass media and American pop-culture a unique blend of English was created. The Australian accent has been around for more than two hundred years and it will continue to evolve, developing its own specific features while absorbing from modern British and American variations and adapting to modern environment.

QUESTIONS:
Where do some of the earliest Australian English words and phrases originate from?
According to the abstract, approximately how many people can speak Aboriginal dialects today in Australia?
How do we call a feature of language when [r] sound is omitted at the end of the word?
What words are more likely to have American-style spelling in Australian English?

`ЗАНЯТИЕ 04.05.2020, ВТОРОЙ КУРС`

A SHORT LECTURE ON BRITISH SPORTS

The British are known to be great sports-lovers, so when they are neither playing, nor watching games, they like to talk about them. Many of the games we play now have come from Britain.

One of the most British games is cricket. It is often played in schools, colleges, universities and by club teams all over the country. Summer isn't summer without cricket. To many Englishmen cricket is both a game and a standard of behaviour. When they consider anything unfair, they sometimes say: "That isn't cricket."

But as almost everywhere else in the world, the game which attracts the greatest attention is Association football, or soccer. Every Saturday from late August till the beginning of May, large crowds of people support their favourite sides in football grounds. True fans will travel from one end of the country to the other to see their team play. There are plenty of professional and amateur soccer clubs all over Britain. International football matches and the Cup Finals take place at Wembley.

Rugby football is also very popular, but it is played mainly by amateurs.

Next to football, the chief spectator sport in British life is horse-racing. A lot of people are interested in the races and risk money on the horse which they think will win. The Derby is perhaps the most famous single sporting event in the whole world.

A great number of people play and watch tennis. Tennis tournaments at Wimbledon are known all over the world. The innumerable tennis courts of Britain are occupied by people between the ages of 16 and 60 who show every degree of skill — from practically helpless to the extremely able.

Britain is also famous for motor-car racing and boat-racing. The famous boat-race between the teams of Oxford and Cambridge attracts large crowds of people.

The British also like to play golf, baseball, hockey, grass-hockey. Various forms of athletics, such as running, jumping, swimming, boxing are also popular. You can sometimes hear that there are no winter sports in England. Of course the English weather is not always cold enough to ski, skate, or toboggan, but winter is a good season for hunting and fishing. Indeed, sport in one form or another is an essential part of daily life in Britain.

QUESTIONS:
What is the cricket season in Britain?
What is the second name for traditional football?
What is considered the worst season for open-air sports in Britain?

WHAT SPORTS DO YOU PLAY IN BRITAIN (TEXT PART)

Many of the world's famous sports began in Britain, including cricket, football, tennis, golf and rugby.

England's national sport is cricket, although to many people football (soccer) is seen as British national sport. Football is the most popular sport. Some of England's football teams are world famous, the most famous being Manchester United, Arsenal and Liverpool.

Cricket is played on village greens and in towns/cities on Sundays from April to August. The rules of cricket became the responsibility, in the XVIII century, of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), which oversees official games to this day. In a formal competition, teams are made up of 11 players each. They play with a ball slightly smaller than a baseball and a bat shaped like a paddle. Two batters stand in front of wickets, set about 20 metres apart. Each wicket consists of three wooden rods (stumps) pushed into the ground, with two small pieces of wood (bails) balanced on top. A member of the opposing team (the bowler) throws the ball towards one of the batters, who must hit the ball so that it does not knock a bail off the wicket. If the ball travels far enough, the two batters run back and forth between the wickets while the fielders on the opposing team try to catch the ball. The game is scored according to the number of runs, which is the number of times the batters exchange places.

Football is undoubtedly the most popular sport in England, and has been played for hundreds of years. In the English Football League there are 92 professional clubs. These are semi-professional, so most players have other full-time jobs. Hundreds of thousands of people also play football in parks and playgrounds just for fun. The highlight of the English football year is the FA (Football Association) Cup Final each May.

Rugby originated from Rugby school in Warwickshire. It is played with an oval ball. Players can carry the ball and tackle each other. The best rugby teams compete in the Super League final each September. Prior to the second half of the XX century, rugby was only played by the rich upper classes, but now it is popular all over the country. There are two different types of rugby - Rugby League, played mainly in the north of England, and Rugby Union, played in the rest of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland, together with France and Italy, play in an annual tournament called the Six Nations. American Football derived from the game of Rugby.

The world's most famous tennis tournament is Wimbledon. It started at a small club in south London in the nineteenth century. It begins on the nearest Monday to June 22, at a time when English often have the finest weather. Millions of people watch the Championships on TV live. Table tennis was "invented" in England in 1880, supposedly at Cambridge University. Although the game originated in England, British players don't have much luck in international championships.

There are many more fine sports that are considered popular in the United Kingdom, and overall Britain is considered to be quite a sporting nation with multitude of professional and amateur sports widespread throughout the country.