RSS1. Read and translate the text in written form.
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Effective communication is considered to be one of the most important prerequisites of corporate success. That is why a large number of organizations are engaged in building a network of internal as well as external effective business communication.
Effective business communication enables an organization to market itself in a better perspective. It helps create a favorable brand image and enhance its relationships with public and the media. It helps an organization motivate and guide its employees and share the values of corporate culture. With effective business communication, the employees can easily be told about the corporate culture, visions, plans and strategies.
To know the degree of communication gap, a survey needs to be done in form of questionnaire and one to one basis, if possible. This is very helpful to know the root of the problem. After getting the feedback, a review is done and all the areas which are found related with the problem are worked upon. It is important to consider those areas to avoid any problem in future.
Communication affects an organization internally as well as externally. Any negative news floating within the organization should be cleared immediately through effective communication. Otherwise, it will become a belief and affect the productivity of individuals along with that of the organization.
Always remember that effective business communication is a two way process and positive results can be achieved only with the combined efforts of the organization and the individuals. To achieve success both of them must understand and perform their role well.
2. Read the text and do the exercise given below in written form.
NEGOTIATIONS
Negotiations are complex because one is dealing with both facts and people. It is clear that negotiators must above all have a good understanding of the subject. They must also be aware of the general policy of the company or institution in relation to the issues and they must be familiar with the organisational structure and the decision-making process.
However, awareness of these facts may not necessarily lead to a successful outcome. Personal, human factors must be taken into account. The approach and strategy adopted in negotiating are influenced by a cool, clear logical analysis of the facts and one’s interests. The personal needs of the actors in negotiating must therefore be considered. These can include: a need of friendship, goodwill, credibility, recognition of status and authority, a desire to be appreciated by one’s own side and to be promoted and, finally, an occasional need to get home reasonably early on the Friday evening. It is a well-known fact that meetings scheduled on a Friday evening are shorter than those held at other times.
Researches who have studied the negotiating process recommend separating the people from the problem. An analysis of negotiating language shows that, for example, indirect and impersonal forms are used. This necessity to be hard on the facts and soft on the people can determine style of negotiating language.
Language varies according to the negotiating style. In negotiation you can use either a co-operative style or a competitive one. In the co-operative style the basic principle is that both parties can gain something from the negotiation without harming the interests of the other. Or in оther words that both parties will benefit more in the long run in friendship and co-operation even if they make some concessions. This type of negotiation is likely to take place in-house between colleagues and departments, or between companies when there is a longstanding relationship and common goals.
Unfortunately co-operative style negotiations without a trace of competition are rare. In most negotiating situations there is something to be gained or lost.
The opposite mode to co-operative negotiating is competitive negotiating. Negotiators see each other as opponents. Knowledge of the other party's needs is used to develop strategies to exploit weaknesses rather than to seek a solution satisfactory to both sides. This type of negotiating may be appropriate in the case of one-off contracts where the aim is to get the best result possible without considering future relationships or the risk of a breakdown in negotiations. Needless to say, the language in this type of discussion may become hostile and threatening even if it remains formal.
In reality most negotiations are a complex combination of co-operative and competitive mode. Negotiating successfully implies dealing appropriately with the four main components of any negotiation: facts, people, competition, co-operation.
Skilled negotiators are sensitive to the linguistic signals, as well as the non-verbal ones of facial expressions, gesture and behavior, which show the type of negotiating mode they are in.
Language reflects tactics and therefore a study of the language used in negotiating brings a greater awareness of the negotiating process.
3. Fill in each gap with one word.
Good negotiators must know their____ well and they must know their company's ___. But they must also consider_____ factors because they are dealing with_____.
Negotiations are affected by the participant's_____, as well as logic.
Research has shown that it can help to separate the _____from the_____. This can be done by using special negotiating_____.
In a_____ style of negotiation, the participants try not to harm each other's_____. In order to maintain a good long-term_____ they both make_____.
In _____style of negotiation the parties are_____. This style may be suitable for a_____ contract. The language here can become______ and ______.
Most negotiations are a_____ of the two styles. A good negotiator must be aware of the_____ and ______signals which show the style being used.
The four main factors involved in a negotiation are______, _____,______ and_______.
4. Give an abstract of the article in written form.
By Kristina Aleksandrova
Published: September 15, 2010
Forum Focuses on Innovation as Key to Economic Progress
More than 1,000 participants are expected to take part in the third St. Petersburg International Innovation Forum, which opens Wednesday at Lenexpo exhibition center and runs through Friday.
This year’s participants include the general director of Google Russia, Vladimir Dolgov; State Duma Chairman Boris Gryzlov, and the president of Russoft, Valentin Makarov. The program aims to formulate suggestions for creating an innovative plan for further economic development in Russia.
Before the official program starts Wednesday, a “Special Events Day” will be held Tuesday, at which the Committee for Science and Higher Education will judge the business ideas, technology developments and R&D projects contest held among students, postgraduates and young scientists under the motto “Young, daring and promising.” Previously selected finalists will present their projects in three nominations, from which the jury will select three winners. Grants ranging from 40,000 rubles ($1,300) for third place up to 100,000 rubles ($3,300) for first place have been provided by the St. Petersburg government.
The first day of the forum’s business program — Political and International Day — will kick of with a speech by Gryzlov. The highlight of the day looks set to be a presentation of Storozhevaya Gora, which is being touted as “Skolkovo’s younger sister.” The innovative cottage community is set to be built 12 kilometers from St. Petersburg near the Okhta River, with the main objectives of providing additional education and leisure activities for children and the development of youth innovations.
The main themes for discussion on Thursday, Business Day, are commercialization, resources and achievements. The grand opening of Pulkovo Technopark, the first center in Russia to be built by Finnish company Technopolis, will take place, and the problems of electronic education will be discussed during a master class organized by the Education Committee. Issues to be addressed are the possibility of electronic control at school, introduction of mobile training technologies and Web 2.0 as an educational area.
The final day of the forum is dedicated to infrastructure, technology and the role of young scientists in creating innovative projects and new ideas.
The “Nanotechnologies and materials as a means to enhance the competitive advantages of Russian industry products” conference will be held on the final day of the forum. Russian industry needs new nanotechnologies for its sustainable development, but the creation of such materials requires investments. One of the main problems to be discussed is therefore the role of the state and business in nanoindustry.
Forum participants will demonstrate new technologies, including a specialized exhibition titled “The Nuclear Industry 2010,” whose objective is to show all the latest developments and achievements in the atomic industry. Among its main sections are isotope products, remote control and robotic servicing systems, complex security systems for nuclear power plants, nuclear industry uniforms and a new section on nuclear machinery.
5. Match the following abbreviations often used in a formal letter to their meanings.
a.m. that is
a.s.a.p. and so on
e.g. before noon
etc. as soon as possible
h.a. for example
i.e. this year
id. see above
p.a. the same
p.p. per year
v.s. on behalf of
6. Choose the right answer.
1. Before you seal and send your letter, make sure to______it.
A) punctuation B) proofread C) sensitive D) transition
2. As soon as your certified letter reaches the______ you will be notified.
A) recipient B) margin C) logo D) salutation
3. Choose_____ if you want to put the date and closing in the center of the page.
A) justified B) modified block format C) block format D) spelling
4. Set off the list of "Do's and Don'ts" by using______.
A) body B) letterhead C) bullets D) formal
5. The envelope indicated that there was_____, but in fact there was only a letter inside.
A) an enclosure B) a sender C) a salutation D) an indent
6. The_____ of the first paragraph was optimistic, so I wasn't expecting the bad news in the middle.
A) tone B) active voice C) direct mail D) punctuation
7. I decided not to interview her, because her cover letter contained very poor_____.
A) on arrival notation B) block format C) single spacing D) grammar
8. The_____ about the meeting was posted on the bulletin board for everyone to read.
A) memo B) heading C) sender D) junk mail
9. Our address and phone number are shown on our______.
A) letterhead B) snail mail C) postage D) salutation
7. Translate into English.
Каждый может получить высшее образование в высших учебных заведениях: университетах, институтах и академиях.
Высшие учебные заведения предоставляют обучение в магистратуре и аспирантуре.
В ВУЗе есть дневное и заочное отделение.
Чтобы получить степень «Квалифицированный специалист», необходимо сдать госэкзамены и защитить диплом.
Высшее образование не бесплатное, некоторые платят за обучение.
Получить степень кандидата наук очень престижно.
ВУЗом руководит ректор, а факультетом – декан.
Чтобы поступить в ВУЗ, необходимо иметь законченное среднее образование и сдать вступительные экзамены.
Конкурс на физическом факультете очень высокий.
Студенты изучают обязательные предметы, а также специальные и профессиональные.
Некоторые студенты получают стипендии.
Работа студентов оценивается в конце семестра.
Студенты, которые не сдали экзамены, могут пересдать их 3 раза перед комиссией.
Студенты, заканчивающие на отлично, награждаются красным дипломом.
Система образования в Беларуси состоит из дошкольного, среднего и высшего образования.
8. Translate into Russian.
In education when people refer to research they may mean either empirical or non-empirical studies.
During the 19th century colleges which were founded in the biggest English towns began to train students for external degrees off the
University of London.
One idea which has been carried out successfully at Oxford is for a department to organize a “brainstorming session” on self-assessment for graduate students.
Deciding what the research is to be about can take a surprising amount of time.
When testing a hypothesis or a theory, the scientist may have a preference for a certain outcome.
It is important that we have a clear understanding of what we can expect from each other.
The introduction surveys the relevant literature so that the reader will understand why you were interested in the question you asked.
The University welcomes applications for postgraduate study from those who have completed degrees studying part-time.
It appears that the chief reason why students fail to get their PhDs is because of inadequate supervision.
The advances in technology that are rapidly making all forms of information widely available may demand new approaches to education.
We invited colleagues from London University in view of discussing the findings of the joint project.
While many adult students undertake degree level study for personal satisfaction, those whose aim is to improve their career prospects also reach their goals.
As other countries invest heavily in their own postgraduate provision, the UK will need to work hard to maintain its competitive advantage.
Creativity often involves the ability to see which experiment will be a critical one to perform in order to test a new idea.
If you are not interested in the topic, you will find it hard to fulfill the work required.
Provided you can make correct predictions, you will not only read with more understanding but you will be able to avoid rereading.
If you feel like starting your postgraduate studies, you should understand that you will have no time to waste and you need to concentrate on your studies.
Библиография:
1. Английский язык для магистрантов = English for Research Students / Учеб.-метод. пособие для магистрантов / Авт.-сост. : О. И. Васючкова, Ж. А. Голикова, А. И. Долгорукова и др. – 2-е изд., доп. и перераб. – Мн. : БГУ, 2017. – 186 с.
2. Зражевская, Т. А. Трудности перевода с английского языка на русский (на материале газетных статей) / Т. А. Зражевская, Л. М. Беляева. – Москва : Издательство «Международные отношения», 1972. – 138 с.
